1798: Sam

Sam is a child convict, arrested in London for stealing a jacket. Now, having lived his whole life in towns and cities, he's sent to an isolated farm on the edge of the bush.

The 1790s were a decade of survival, scarcity and rapid adaptation in the early colony of New South Wales. Food shortages, harsh punishments, and the dominance of the NSW Corps shaped daily life for convicts, children and free settlers. Farms were small, labour was scarce, and assigned convicts, including children, formed the backbone of agricultural work. At the same time, First Nations Peoples continued to practise culture, law and custodianship of Country despite escalating conflict, disease and dispossession.

  • 1790 The Second Fleet arrives with high mortality rates, worsening food shortages and increasing pressure on the colony’s limited resources.

  • 1791–1792 Land grants to former convicts expand small farming; assigned convict labour becomes central to agricultural survival.

  • 1793 The first free settlers arrive, beginning slow demographic change and new expectations around land, labour and authority.

  • 1794–1796 Settler expansion along the Hawkesbury River leads to violent conflict with First Nations communities defending Country.

  • 1795 The NSW Corps gains increasing economic and political power, controlling trade, alcohol and labour conditions.

  • 1796–1797 Explorers Bass and Flinders map parts of the coastline, relying on Aboriginal knowledge and guidance.

  • 1798 Child convicts like Sam are assigned to remote farms, performing essential labour with limited protection or rights.

  • c. 1790s Convict transportation continues to rise; household service, child labour and assigned work remain central to survival; relationships between settlers and First Nations Peoples vary from cooperation to violent resistance.

First Nations Focus - Throughout the 1790s, First Nations communities faced profound disruption: loss of access to food sources, new diseases, violence linked to land seizure, and the imposition of foreign laws. Despite this, Aboriginal peoples maintained cultural practices, kinship systems, languages and custodial responsibilities to Country. Acts of resistance, negotiation and cultural continuity shaped the early colony as much as British authority did.

Connections to Sam’s story:

  • Sam’s fear of the bush contrasts with First Nations knowledge of Country.

  • The Aboriginal boy who guides Sam reflects ongoing generosity, skill and relational responsibility.

  • The return of the milk bucket models reciprocity and cultural protocol, even amid colonial disruption.

Provocation Question

What does Sam’s story reveal about survival, respect and belonging in the early colony, and what can we learn from those who guided him?

Clip 1: Farm Lad

Sam is escorted to the Owen farm as an assigned convict by two soldiers. Mr Owen introduces him to his chores and living quarters. He then meets the farm's goat, but is less than truthful about his experience with milking.

Tuning In

Being assigned as a convict child to a remote farm is both frightening and confusing. As you watch Sam’s story in a new country begin, what do you notice about: 

  • how Sam is treated by Mr Owen and the soldiers
  • what chores he’s expected to do
  • how truth and survival shape his choices

Class discussion prompts:

  • What does it mean to be “assigned” to someone?
  • How do fear and pride affect how Sam behaves?
  • What do the goat and the milking task reveal about trust and responsibility?

Finding Out & Sorting Out

Explore how convict labour, truth, and survival shape Sam’s experience. In small groups, brainstorm:

  • What Sam knows and pretends to know
  • What Mr Owen expects and why
  • What risks Sam faces if he fails

Choose one of the following tasks:

Option 1: Historical Image Analysis

Examine a painting or sketch of convict labour.

  • Who made this image and why?
  • What do you see? What’s missing?
  • How might Sam’s experience differ from what’s shown?

Option 2: Mini Museum Curation

Create a small group display titled “Life on a Convict Farm”. Include:

  • 3–5 artefacts (drawn, printed or described)
  • captions explaining each item’s role in survival
  • one quote from Sam’s clip to interpret the display

Option 3: Dramatise the Arrival Scene

Improvise a short scene where Sam arrives at the farm. Include:

  • dialogue showing fear, pride and misunderstanding
  • one moment of truth-telling
  • one moment of adaptation

Making Connections

Sam pretends to know how to milk a goat to avoid punishment. Think about a time you felt pressure to pretend or perform.

Write a journal entry from Sam’s point of view:

  • What did he expect?
  • What surprised him?
  • What does he now know about survival?

Clip 2: Milking Time

Sam enters Mr Owen's house through a hole in the roof and is amazed when he sees his reflection for the first time. After failing to milk the goat, Sam has a difficult night's sleep on his new bed. He uses his ingenuity to dig through hard ground.

Tuning In

Sam’s first night on the farm reveals hardship, ingenuity and a moment of wonder. As you watch, notice:

  • how Sam reacts to seeing his reflection
  • what he does when he fails at milking
  • how he adapts to his new environment

Class discussion prompts:

  • What does Sam’s reflection tell us about identity and isolation?
  • How does failure help Sam learn?
  • What does digging the hard ground show about resilience?

Finding Out & Sorting Out

Explore how adaptation, identity and resilience of convict children, shape Sam’s experience. In small groups, brainstorm:

  • What Sam learns about himself and the farm
  • What tools and strategies he uses
  • How his emotions shift across the clip

Choose one group activity:

Option 1: Source Comparison

Compare Sam’s experience with a real convict child’s diary or record.

  • What’s similar? What’s different?
  • What questions do you now have?

Option 2: Visual Timeline: ‘From London to the Farm’

Create a visual timeline showing Sam’s journey. Include:

  • key emotional shifts
  • changes in environment
  • one question he might ask at each stage

Write a short Empathy Letter from Sam to a friend or relative in London, describing his first night and what he’s learned.

Making Connections

Seeing his reflection helps Sam realise how much his life has changed. Think about a time when you saw yourself differently after a challenge.

Choose one option to show a key moment when Sam sees himself differently.

Option 1: Draw a sketch of Sam’s reflection at this moment. Include the caption: “This is the moment I saw myself differently.”

Option 2: Write a 150 to 200 word monologue from Sam’s point of view. Describe what he is thinking and feeling, including his fears and his hopes.

Make sure you use descriptive language, include at least one historical detail, and show Sam’s emotions clearly.

Clip 3: Oranges and Lemons

Sam is out looking for the farm's goat when he hears someone humming the same notes as he is singing. Following the sounds, he is guided back to the farm, where the goat is waiting. After leaving out some milk to thank an Aboriginal boy for leading him to the goat, his bucket is returned

Tuning In

Lost in the bush, Sam is guided by an Aboriginal boy who returns his milk bucket. As you watch, notice:

  • how Sam reacts to the humming and guidance
  • what the milk gesture means
  • how reciprocity and respect are shown

Class discussion prompts:

  • What does this moment show about First Nations knowledge and generosity?
  • How does Sam show respect in return?
  • What does this exchange teach us about trust and cultural difference?

Finding Out & Sorting Out

Explore how reciprocity, cultural knowledge and respect shape this moment.

In small groups, brainstorm and record your thinking about:

  • What the Aboriginal boy’s actions reveal
  • How Sam responds
  • What this exchange teaches about community and Country

Choose one group activity:

Option 1: Ethics & Reciprocity Circle

Use the ethics chart structure to explore:

  • motive → action → consequence → respectful response
  • include both Sam's and the Aboriginal boy’s perspectives

Option 2: Visual Interpretation: ‘Reading the Bush’

Use an image prompt to interpret a painting or photo of bushland.

  • What local knowledge is needed to navigate this space?
  • How might Sam and the Aboriginal boy see it differently?

Making Connections

Sam’s respectful gesture leads to a quiet act of reciprocity. Think about a time when someone helped you without words.

Work on your own or with a partner to create a short digital story that retells the clip from the Aboriginal boy’s point of view. You can choose the format, such as an audio story, a slideshow or an illustrated booklet.

Begin by creating a simple storyboard to plan your ideas and sequence the events.

Your story should have a clear beginning, middle and end. Show how events are connected through cause and effect. Include at least one respectful action taken by the boy.

Australian Curriculum Links

Year Level

Content Description

Inquiry Sprint + Clip Link

CCP Integration

Year 3

Causes/effects of people’s actions; community life

Clip 1 Farm Lad:

Tuning In: convict labour and household roles;

Finding Out: historical image analysis + mini museum display; Making Connections: role-play arrival scene + journal entry.

First Nations: contrast settler survival with custodial responsibilities; early contact and differing expectations.

Year 4

Diversity of experiences before/after 1788; effects of colonisation

Clip 2 Milking Time:

Tuning In: identity and resilience; Finding Out: source comparison + visual timeline;

Making Connections: empathy letter + monologue.

First Nations: impact of settlement on movement and food sources; resilience and cultural continuity.

Years 5–6

Influence of people on places; rights/responsibilities; civic participation

Clip 3 – Oranges and Lemons: Tuning In: reciprocity and cultural knowledge;

Finding Out: ethics chart + bushland image interpretation; Making Connections: civic action poster + multimodal story from an Aboriginal boy’s perspective.

First Nations: generosity, knowledge systems, and relational protocols; shared histories and respectful exchange.

 

Year Level

Strand

Content Description

Inquiry Sprint + Clip Link

CCP Integration

Years 3–4

Literature

Describe characters, settings and events; texts reflect context

Clip 1 Farm Lad: character profiles; mini museum captions; role-play dialogue. Clip 2 Milking Time: monologue + visual timeline.

Recognise diverse identities; include convict and First Nations perspectives.

Years 3–4

Literacy

Interact, discuss and present ideas; interpret multimodal texts

Clip 2 Milking Time: empathy letter;

Clip 3 Oranges and Lemons: civic action poster + multimodal story.

Cross-cultural communication; respectful storytelling; visual and oral modes.

Years 5–6

Literature / Language

Explain idea development; use multimodal features to create texts

Clip 3 – Oranges and Lemons: ethics chart; restorative response plan; digital storytelling.

Use civic language for justice and repair; compare colonial and First Nations perspectives.

 

Organising Idea

Curriculum Link

Episode 22 Connection

Country/Place

Deep connections to Country

Contrast Sam’s fear of the bush with First Nations knowledge and guidance; explore relational land practices.

Culture

Diverse, dynamic cultures

Highlight cultural generosity and reciprocity in Clip 3; discuss continuity despite disruption.

People

Identity shaped by Country, culture, and community

Compare Sam’s isolation with First Nations community roles and protocols.

Shared Histories

Effects of colonisation: resilience

Situate Sam’s story within the broader impacts of convict expansion and First Nations resistance.

Knowledge Systems

Ongoing influence

Explore bush navigation and quiet reciprocity as examples of First Nations knowledge.

Shared Futures

Recognising shared histories

Reflect on how respectful exchange and storytelling build understanding across cultures.

 

Organising Idea

Curriculum Link

Episode 22 Connection

Asia’s diversity

Explore Asian cultures

Use a comparative timeline to note early maritime links and migration patterns.

Asia–Australia connections

Historical links

Situate Sam’s convict journey within the broader global movement of people and goods.

Asia’s contributions

Contributions to Australian society

Use the museum curation task to include early Asian labour and trade presence in colonial towns.

 

Additional Resources

Sam Resting In The Hay

Sam With Pail

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