1908 Evelyn

A girl stands confidently with her hands on her hips, dressed in a vintage white dress with lace trim over a long-sleeved beige shirt. Her long brown hair is partly pulled back, and she wears black boots. The background is plain, emphasizing her posture and attire.

Evelyn is a lively 10-year-old growing up in the newly federated Australia. She dreams of becoming a teacher but spends her days helping her mother, caring for siblings, and navigating the expectations of family life. Against the backdrop of Federation celebrations, debates about women’s rights, and the introduction of pensions and fair wages, Evelyn discovers her own voice, —writing poems, listening to stories, and imagining a future shaped by learning and fairness. Her story explores family responsibility, civic identity, and the hopes of a generation in a new nation.

1900s Decade Overview

The 1900s were marked by nationhood, reform, and exclusion. Federation in 1901 united the colonies, while the White Australia Policy shaped identity and migration. Women gained the right to vote federally in 1902, though First Nations Australians remained excluded. Social reforms introduced pensions and fair wages, and Canberra was chosen as the capital. Cultural voices like Dorothea Mackellar’s My Country and Fanny Cochrane Smith’s recordings of Palawa songs reflected pride and resilience, as Australia began defining itself as a new nation.

  • 1901 Federation: Australia becomes a nation; Edmund Barton is the first Prime Minister; Australian flag chosen.
  • 1901 Immigration Restriction Act (White Australia Policy) passed, shaping identity and migration.
  • 1902 Women gain the right to vote and stand for federal parliament (white women only).
  • 1903 Fanny Cochrane Smith records Palawa songs, preserving cultural heritage.
  • 1904 Commonwealth Court of Conciliation and Arbitration established to settle workplace disputes.
  • 1906 “New Protection” legislation links tariffs to fair wages and conditions.
  • 1907 Harvester Judgement sets a “fair and reasonable wage” for supporting a family.
  • 1908 Invalid and Old Age Pensions Act introduced; Canberra chosen as the capital; official Coat of Arms granted; Dorothea Mackellar publishes My Country; Great White Fleet visits Australia.
  • 1909 Boy Scouts and Girl Guides introduced, shaping youth movements and civic identity.

First Nations Focus:

The First Nations focus for the 1900s decade is centred on exclusion from nationhood, denial of rights, and the resilience of cultural continuity.

While Federation was celebrated as a moment of unity, First Nations Australians were excluded from the new nation. The Constitution denied them recognition in the census (Section 127) and excluded them from Commonwealth law-making powers (Section 51), leaving their rights to the states. This meant Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples were denied pensions, wages reforms, and most civic rights introduced in the 1900s.

Despite exclusion, families maintained kinship ties, oral storytelling, and cultural traditions. A powerful example of resilience is Fanny Cochrane Smith’s 1903 recordings of Palawa songs, which preserved Tasmanian Aboriginal language and culture at a time when many believed it would disappear. These recordings now stand as treasured evidence of cultural pride and continuity.

Students can explore how Federation both united and divided Australians - celebrated by some, but experienced as dispossession and exclusion by First Nations peoples. This focus deepens understanding of nationhood, reform, exclusion, and cultural resilience in the 1900s.

Inquiry Sprint

Provocation Question

What does it mean for Australia to become a nation, and how did this shape people’s lives in 1908?

Tuning In

Clip 1: Games from India

In this clip, Evelyn, her brother Edward and their friend Freddie Müller are playing an imaginary game under the tree. They are pretending to be tiger hunters in India. Miss Müller tells them about tigers and their inability to reverse down trees. Evelyn's father brings home the Mr Wong's 'No. 5' assortment of fireworks to be used on cracker night.

As a class, discuss the following questions:

  • Why did Australia become a nation in 1901?
  • How did the British Empire and popular books influence children’s imagination and play?
  • What sources can help us answer these questions? (Think: books, newspapers, old photos, posters, and speeches like Parkes’ Tenterfield Address.)
  • What does Federation mean for Evelyn’s family and community?

Complete one of the following activities:

Option 1: Research the author Rudyard Kipling. Write a short report explaining why his stories, like The Jungle Book and Kim, were popular during the British Empire.
Option 2: Create fact cards about British India and explain its connection to Australia at the time.
Option 3: Look at Evelyn’s clothes from the early 1900s. Compare them with what children wear today. Design paper-doll costumes to show the differences.

Finding Out

Watch Clip 2: Mr Wong's Emporium

In this clip, Evelyn, Edward and Freddie try to replace the fireworks. They visit Mr Wong's emporium to buy a replacement box but and friends try to buy fireworks but face limits of money and exclusion.

In pairs, complete one of the following activities:


Option 1: Design your own fireworks box with label, instructions, and artwork.
Option 2: Create a timeline of Chinese immigration to Australia.
Option 3: Write a profile of Mr Wong, imagining his life story.
Option 4: Compare currency and prices of bread/milk in 1908 with today
Option 5: Research women’s suffrage in 1902 and compare with Evelyn’s world.

As a class, share what you found by completing the above activites and discuss the following question:

  • How have family roles remained the same or different from the past?
  • How did children contribute to family life in the 1900s?

Sorting Out

Watch Clip 3: Chores and punishment

In this clip, Evelyn's brother Edward taunts her with the prospect that their father will punish her for being irresponsible about the fireworks. Evelyn needs to complete her chores by five o'clock. She is eventually saved by Miss Müller's generosity.

Cultural Link: Discipline reflected Victorian values; corporal punishment was common in homes and schools.

Family Life Link: Children’s chores (polishing silver, waxing tables) prepared girls for domestic roles.

In small groups, complete one of the following activities:

Option 1: List Evelyn’s chores and compare with your own; evaluate difficulty and rewards

Option 2: Research corporal punishment laws and compare past and present.

Option 3: Create a newspaper article: “Children’s Dreams in a New Nation.”

Option 4: Debate: “Should girls have the same opportunities as boys in 1908?”

Option 5: Compare Evelyn’s schooling with modern classrooms.

Going Further

Watch Clip 4: Cracker Night

In this clip, Evelyn's family joins the other families in their community to celebrate cracker night with fireworks purchased from Mr Wong's Emporium, echoing Guy Fawkes Night traditions.

Complete one of the following activities:

Option 1: Write song lyrics about Cracker Night to the tune of Waltzing Matilda
Option 2: Write a newspaper report with quotes from Evelyn or Edward; design an advertisement for Mr Wong’s fireworks.
Option 3: Research Guy Fawkes and the Gunpowder Plot; create a fact poster.
Option 4: Create a class display of images comparing Guy Fawkes Night with modern Australian celebrations.

Making Connections

Evelyn’s games, chores, shopping, and Cracker Night show how family life was shaped by empire, reform, and community traditions.

As a class, discuss the following questions:

• How do symbols, such as flags and a coat of arms, help communities feel connected?

• How do we use symbols today to show identity and belonging?

In small groups create a podcast or letter about what Federation means to Evelyn's family.

Taking Action

Apply learning with a Federation Day classroom event blending civic pride with family traditions.

Select one of the following class activities: 

Option 1: Create a Federation display with artefacts, posters, and oral histories.
Option 2: Host a storytelling circle about chores, games, and celebrations in 1908.
Option 3: Create a display showing how families contributed to civic identity at Federation.

Australian Curriculum Links

Explore how nationhood, reform, exclusion, and civic identity shaped Australian communities at Federation.

Year

Content Description

Inquiry Sprint Link + Student Activity Prompts

CCP Integration

Year 3

AC9HS3K02 Significance of individuals, events, places and developments in the local community

Tuning In: Pose questions about Federation celebrations. Create pictorial timelines of civic rituals. Clip link: Games from India; research Kipling and colonial imagination.

Explore civic rituals, Federation parades, and links to Empire

Year 3

AC9HS3K01 Importance of Country/Place to First Nations Australians

Finding Out: Investigate Fanny Cochrane Smith’s recordings. Collect oral histories. Clip link: Mr Wong’s Emporium; create a timeline of Chinese migration.

Compare civic nationhood with First Nations kinship and cultural resilience

Year 4

AC9HS4K01 Role of individuals, events and groups in shaping communities

Sorting Out: Analyse Evelyn’s chores and Miss Müller’s kindness. Clip link: Chores and punishment; list children’s chores then vs now.

Explore civic resilience and shared memory

Year 4

AC9HS4K02 Changes in daily life and perspectives over time

Going Further: Compare family roles and reforms (pensions, wages). Clip link: Cracker Night; research Guy Fawkes traditions; change and continuity.

Reflect on emotional and cultural continuity

Year 5

AC9HS5K02 Causes and effects of change in Australian society

Finding Out: Research women’s suffrage and the exclusion of First Nations peoples. Clip link: Mr Wong’s Emporium; discuss currency (such as bread/milk prices) then vs now.

Examine civic responsibility and recognition

Year 5

AC9HS5K01 Significance of First Nations Australians’ experiences and contributions

Making Connections: Pose questions about exclusion at Federation. Clip link: Chores and punishment; research family punishment practices and gender roles, compared to your family now.

Honour cultural resilience and historical exclusion

Year 6

AC9HS6K02 Significance of migration and cultural diversity in Australia

Making Connections: Investigate civic rituals and shared identity. Clip link: Mr Wong’s Emporium; Create a character profile of Mr Wong; Federation migrants postcard home task.

Link nationhood to cultural inclusion and belonging

Year 6

AC9HS6K01 Key historical events and developments shaping Australian society

Going Further: Pose questions about Federation and reform. Clip link: Cracker Night; write a newspaper report and a scrapbook on celebrations.

Explore Federation’s impact on civic values and community care

 

Explore how nationhood, reform, exclusion, and family life shape character development, resilience, and civic storytelling in 1900s Australia.

Year

Content Description

Inquiry Sprint Link + Student Activity Prompts

Thematic Integration

Year 3

AC9E3LE01 Respond to literary texts by sharing personal connections and reflections

Tuning In: Share a personal response to Federation celebrations. Write a short reflection: “What would Federation mean for my family?” Clip link: Games from India; report on Kipling and colonial imagination.

Family · Civic Identity

Year 3

AC9E3LY06 Create imaginative texts with characters and settings

Going Further: Write a short story imagining Evelyn’s dream of becoming a teacher.            Clip link: Games from India; spoof/parody story about tigers.

Courage · Family

Year 4

AC9E4LE01 Analyse characters’ feelings, motivations and actions

Finding Out: Compare Evelyn’s chores with modern children’s roles. Clip link: Chores and punishment; diary entry and film tension analysis (empathy and perspectives)

Family · Responsibility

Year 4

AC9E4LY06 Create persuasive and reflective texts

Making Connections: Write a persuasive letter to Parliament for equal opportunities for girls. Clip link: Debate on punishment as communication.

Civic Identity · Reform

Year 5

AC9E5LE01 Analyse how historical and cultural contexts shape characters and events

Sorting Out: Explore exclusion at Federation. Write a journal entry from the perspective of a First Nations child in 1908.Clip link: Mr Wong’s Emporium; silent scene storyboard and camera shots.

Nationhood · Exclusion

Year 5

AC9E5LY06 Create multimodal texts using narrative and informative elements

Going Further: Create a podcast or digital slideshow about Evelyn’s community care. Include narration, images, and music.         Clip link: Cracker Night; song lyrics to Waltzing Matilda.

Family · Civic Identity

Year 6

AC9E6LE01 Respond to texts shaped by historical and cultural contexts

Making Connections: Reflect on the meaning of nationhood. Write a commemorative poem or speech for a school assembly.

Clip link: Cracker Night; newspaper report with quotes from Evelyn/Edward.

Nationhood · Reform · Civic Identity

Year 6

AC9E6LY06 Create texts that integrate ideas and perspectives

Taking Action: Design a class anthology of Federation stories. Clip link: Scrapbook comparing Guy Fawkes Night with modern celebrations where fireworks are used.

Memory · Courage · Community

 

Country/Place: Compare Evelyn’s family responsibilities and civic rituals with First Nations relationships to Country, kinship, and healing practices. Highlight how exclusion from Federation contrasted with enduring cultural continuity.

Culture: Explore storytelling, oral traditions, and resilience across communities. Investigate Fanny Cochrane Smith’s 1903 recordings of Palawa songs as a symbol of cultural pride and survival.

People: Highlight the role of Elders, families, and community leaders in shaping values, resilience, and civic responsibility—especially in the face of exclusion from nationhood and reform.

 

Asia and its Diversity: Use Federation-era migration debates and the White Australia Policy to explore exclusion and diversity. Compare experiences of Asian migrants and First Nations peoples.

 

Achievements and Contributions: Celebrate the roles of migrant and First Nations families in shaping civic life, education, and cultural traditions during the early 1900s.

 

Asia/Australia Connections: Reflect on how storytelling, civic rituals, and cultural memory foster belonging, intergenerational identity, and shared resilience across communities.

Episode Stills

Additional Resources

Freddie and Evelyn asking Miss Müller for help

Evelyn, Eddie and Freddie running past the house

The dining room

Freddie pretending to be a tiger 

The family opening their box of fireworks

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